Civil procedure — leave to appeal under s 17 Superior Courts Act — higher threshold: appeal must 'would' have reasonable prospects; Contract — month-to-month services — need to prove conclusion, parties, authority, terms and price; Administrative law — Oudekraal principle inapplicable without identifiable administrative act; Municipal finance — MFMA and supply-chain policy arguments require factual foundation; Evidence — pleaded but unproved facts cannot found appeal; Constitutional right to fair hearing (s 34) not breached where core submissions were considered

Statutory interpretation — Institution of Legal Proceedings against certain Organs of State Act 40 of 2002 — meaning of "in terms of the Constitution" in s1(1)(c) — narrow construction; 'certain organs of state' a limited, closed list; s1(1)(g) — National Treasury not liable for state-owned entity’s debts; notice under s3 not required

Customs and Excise Act – Diesel refund scheme – Interpretation of Note 6(f)(ii)(cc) – meaning of 'person in possession of the necessary authorisation' – joint venture as substantive authorised user; Note 5 discretion to pay refunds to third parties on good cause shown; internal appeal jurisdiction – NAC cannot introduce new grounds or increase original quantum; administrative-law duty to consider discretionary relief

Eviction — Intervention — Rule 10 — Direct and substantial interest — Occupation with owner’s consent — Beneficiary in will — Joinder required in eviction proceedings — Postponement for further affidavits — Costs in main application

Municipal law – SPLUMA/MPRA/MSA – zoning and rates – reclassification ultra vires if effected outside statutory procedures; PAJA – procedural fairness required; court orders binding and enforceable; supervisory jurisdiction to ratify applicant’s account computation where municipality persistently disobeys order; costs on attorney-and-client scale

Eviction — PIE Act s14(2) notice requirement — non-joinder of affected family members — ESTA applies to farm occupiers and vests exclusive jurisdiction in the Land Court — bona fide purchaser/possessor lien for improvements

Constitutional right to basic education; School governance — admission and language policy limits; urgency; interim and structural interdicts; cooperative governance and remedial obligations on the state to provide infrastructure and resources

Law of trusts — Beneficiary standing: acceptance of contingent/discretionary benefits confers enforceable rights and locus standi; Trust interpretation — clause 12.1 requires a composite decision (postpone and fix new date) within six months of founder’s death; Trustee authority — only authorised trustee may make the time‑bound decision; Declaratory relief — appropriate where live controversy exists; Costs — paid from trust estate absent mala fides by trustees

'Rule 35(12)/30A — production of documents — confidentiality — disclosure is the rule; reasonable confidentiality conditions required; penalty clause held disproportionate.'; 'Procedure — conditional answering affidavit vs Rule 30A — pending production a court should consider postponement or extension, not automatic disregard.'; 'Appeal — prohibition of in‑term appeals may infringe s 34; leave to appeal granted; direct appeal to SCA.'; 's 18 Superior Courts Act — suspension of interlocutory interdict where applicants show irreparable harm and exceptional circumstances; capital ring‑fenced supports suspension.'

Prescription — reversionary clause in sale of land — claim to enforce re-transfer constitutes a “debt” — debt becomes due on expiry of performance period — section 11(d) three-year prescription applies — discretionary ‘option’ does not avoid prescription; authorities: eThekwini v Mounthaven; Bondev Midrand